Every child has some stress in their life, whether it's about making friends or learning a new skill. Unfortunately, sometimes children grow up with an excessive amount of stress that could hinder their lifelong development, especially if they don't have a supportive and nurturing caregiver to help them through it. According to research studies, "children exposed to traumatic or stressful events have an increased probability of developing major depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity" (Berger, 2012).
When I was about ten, my family lost everything we owned, bought a motorhome and drove across the country to "start over." My parents, five brothers, three sisters, and myself packed one backpack of belongings each and said goodbye to everything familiar, not really knowing what would happen next. We ended up driving to Alaska all the way from Florida. My parents sold everything they could before we moved in order to have a little cash to get started with. Fortunately, people were kind and my dad was motivated to find work. I knew we didn't have much and things were very stressful for many years. Other people helped, neighbors and community members mainly. I didn't ask for things or complain about things, my parents were stressed enough and needed help with my younger siblings. At the age of ten, I was pretty flexible with the changes and with my family all going through the same things, I didn't feel alone.
According to the article, Poverty, Family Stress and Parenting, written by Zahid Shahab Ahmed "economic deprivation leads to depression and stress in parents and ultimately dysfunction of the family" (Shahab, 2005). In my situation, the burden of the stress fell on my parents. My father became depressed and felt like a failure. My parents started fighting a lot and things got stressful due to their struggling relationship. When I was sixteen they divorced which opened a whole bunch of other stressors and that time a lot of the burden fell on me as the oldest child living at home. According to the Family Stress Model, long-term poverty creates family stressors and leads to lasting effects on the child's health and development. Although my family never went hungry or lived on the streets, the poverty affected us in other ways.
While researching poverty in other countries, I found that children in other countries may experience very serious side-effects of poverty such as:
-malnutrition
-little or no education
-child labor
-no access to safe water
-and lack of medical care.
"In Sierra Leone, 840 women in every 100,000 die in childbirth."
"In Italy, 4 in every 100,000 die in childbirth."
"Only 17% of the women in Sierra Leone use contraceptives compared to 88% in Norway."
(www.poverties.org)
The lack of education and medical care make it almost impossible to break free of the poverty. The children are stuck in a cycle of living day to day and going without necessities.
References:
Ahmed, Z.S. (2005) Poverty, Family Stress & Parenting. Retrieved from:
http://www.humiliationstudies.org/documents/AhmedPovertyFamilyStressParenting.pdf
Berger, K.S. (2012). The developing person through childhood (6th Ed.). New York, NY: Worth Publishers
Poverties.org Research for social & economic development. (2013) Causes & effects of poverty on society, children & violence. Retrieved from: http://www.poverties.org/effects-of-poverty.html
Friday, May 30, 2014
Friday, May 16, 2014
"Breast is Best"
There are many advantages to breastfeeding, both for the mother and for the baby. It is free, sterile and the perfect balance of nutrients for the baby. Research shows that breastfed baby's get sick less and have lower rates of obesity, diabetes, and heart disease as adults. For the mother, breastfeeding lowers the chances of getting osteoporosis and breast cancer, as well as increases bonding with the baby and requires less preparation than formula (Berger, 2012).These are just a few of the benefits; the list of benefits to breastfeeding could go on and on.
Although doctors around the world recommend breastfeeding, the statistics are not that impressive. "In the United States, 75 percent of infants are breastfed at birth, 46 percent at six months (most with other food as well), and 22 percent at a year (virtually all with other food and drink)" (Berger, 2012). When researching information about the rest of the world, I found that "exclusive breastfeeding in the first four months of life varies from 1-90% depending on where the baby is born" (Osman, 2009). Many factors help determine whether a mother chooses to breastfeed, some include: "cultural beliefs, socioeconomic status, ethnicity, education, urbanization, modernization, and local feeding practices" (Osman, 2009).
A 2007 study done in Lebanon demonstrates how cultural beliefs can influence breastfeeding habits. "A study of breastfeeding prevalence in Lebanon in 2005 showed that while the initiation of breastfeeding is high, exclusive breastfeeding at one month was only 52% and declines further at four and six months. In that study, women cited insufficient milk, maternal or infant illness, the baby refusing the breast, and the baby being "old enough to stop" as the main reasons for stopping breastfeeding" (Osman, 2009). The 2007 study, created a hotline for new mothers to call with questions and concerns regarding breastfeeding. After analyzing and recording the phone calls, researchers found that the Lebanese woman had many cultural beliefs that interfering with successful breastfeeding. Many of the questions that came in to the hotline were in regards to the quality of the breast milk. Whether they could hurt the baby, depending on what foods they ate, if they were sick, or if the baby had jaundice. "Several mothers called the hotline for assistance to figure out whether their milk was "good" or "bad"" (Osman, 2009). Many concerns also revolved around producing enough milk or not producing enough and supplementing early on with formula. Some women thought that they could transfer pain from the breast milk to the baby. The study found that support from family and doctors is an integral part to establishing a healthy breastfeeding pattern for the mother and baby (Osman, 2009).
Breastfeeding is not necessarily an easy task to accomplish and maintain. From personal experience, breastfeeding can be very time consuming in the beginning to establish. It takes some practice from the mother and the baby to learn how to work together. Many questions and concerns can arise and having support from family, friends, and professionals is very important. I feel that breastfeeding is very rewarding and creates a special bond between baby and mother that I still cherish today with my own daughter. I teach early childhood education to high school students and when learning about child development, we cover information about breastfeeding in class. Every year, some of the students are uncomfortable with the idea of breastfeeding and say things like they think it is "gross." After reading about another culture, it makes me realize that they may have some beliefs about breastfeeding that are getting on the way of understanding the complete picture. I will definitely, share more from other cultures in class next year and ask more questions if a student make a negative comment. They may just have some misinformation like the some of the women in Lebanon.
References:
Berger, K.S. (2012). The developing person through childhood (6th Ed.). New York, NY: Worth Publishers
Osman, H., Wick, L., & Zein, L. (2009) Cultural beliefs that may discourage breastfeeding among Lebanese women: a qualitative analysis, International Breastfeeding Journal, 4:12, DOI:10.1186/1746-4358-4-12. Retrieved from: http://www.internationalbreastfeedingjournal.com/content/4/1/12
Although doctors around the world recommend breastfeeding, the statistics are not that impressive. "In the United States, 75 percent of infants are breastfed at birth, 46 percent at six months (most with other food as well), and 22 percent at a year (virtually all with other food and drink)" (Berger, 2012). When researching information about the rest of the world, I found that "exclusive breastfeeding in the first four months of life varies from 1-90% depending on where the baby is born" (Osman, 2009). Many factors help determine whether a mother chooses to breastfeed, some include: "cultural beliefs, socioeconomic status, ethnicity, education, urbanization, modernization, and local feeding practices" (Osman, 2009).
A 2007 study done in Lebanon demonstrates how cultural beliefs can influence breastfeeding habits. "A study of breastfeeding prevalence in Lebanon in 2005 showed that while the initiation of breastfeeding is high, exclusive breastfeeding at one month was only 52% and declines further at four and six months. In that study, women cited insufficient milk, maternal or infant illness, the baby refusing the breast, and the baby being "old enough to stop" as the main reasons for stopping breastfeeding" (Osman, 2009). The 2007 study, created a hotline for new mothers to call with questions and concerns regarding breastfeeding. After analyzing and recording the phone calls, researchers found that the Lebanese woman had many cultural beliefs that interfering with successful breastfeeding. Many of the questions that came in to the hotline were in regards to the quality of the breast milk. Whether they could hurt the baby, depending on what foods they ate, if they were sick, or if the baby had jaundice. "Several mothers called the hotline for assistance to figure out whether their milk was "good" or "bad"" (Osman, 2009). Many concerns also revolved around producing enough milk or not producing enough and supplementing early on with formula. Some women thought that they could transfer pain from the breast milk to the baby. The study found that support from family and doctors is an integral part to establishing a healthy breastfeeding pattern for the mother and baby (Osman, 2009).
Breastfeeding is not necessarily an easy task to accomplish and maintain. From personal experience, breastfeeding can be very time consuming in the beginning to establish. It takes some practice from the mother and the baby to learn how to work together. Many questions and concerns can arise and having support from family, friends, and professionals is very important. I feel that breastfeeding is very rewarding and creates a special bond between baby and mother that I still cherish today with my own daughter. I teach early childhood education to high school students and when learning about child development, we cover information about breastfeeding in class. Every year, some of the students are uncomfortable with the idea of breastfeeding and say things like they think it is "gross." After reading about another culture, it makes me realize that they may have some beliefs about breastfeeding that are getting on the way of understanding the complete picture. I will definitely, share more from other cultures in class next year and ask more questions if a student make a negative comment. They may just have some misinformation like the some of the women in Lebanon.
References:
Berger, K.S. (2012). The developing person through childhood (6th Ed.). New York, NY: Worth Publishers
Osman, H., Wick, L., & Zein, L. (2009) Cultural beliefs that may discourage breastfeeding among Lebanese women: a qualitative analysis, International Breastfeeding Journal, 4:12, DOI:10.1186/1746-4358-4-12. Retrieved from: http://www.internationalbreastfeedingjournal.com/content/4/1/12
Friday, May 9, 2014
Week 1- The Birth of the Baby
Reflecting back on the birth of my daughter, I feel lucky the way things worked out. Everything went according to plan. My daughter was even born on her due date! My husband and I went to the hospital as contractions became more intense and about six hours later we had a little baby girl, delivered by my doctor without any complications. My husband was by my side through the entire process. I think his favorite part, besides first seeing our new baby, was helping the doctor cut the umbilical cord; he remembers how strong it was. After Ruby was born, my husband called our closest loved ones to announce the birth and share the good news. We stayed in the hospital for 24 hours to ensure recovery and a healthy start for our daughter. A few close family members and friends visited in the hospital, bearing gifts and well wishes. Family came and went for the next couple weeks to meet the new baby and help out a little. From our perspective all these events seemed like completely normal things. My husband took about a week off work, then had to return to the daily grind. I took more time to care for our new daughter and allow my body to recover from the pregnancy, but still continued on with the everyday chores and tasks. Things didn't go back to normal, but things changed for the better. We all learned new routines and learned about ways to bond with each other.
While researching another culture, I found that Chinese woman traditionally are supposed to rest for 30 days after delivery of a baby to ensure balance and good health. This resting period is referred to as the "sitting month." According to the tradition, women are not allowed to bathe or eat cold foods and drinks. Typically an older female relative comes to help for the month, and the new mother is encouraged to do very little but rest. Another tradition is that the female relative helps with the delivery process, instead of the father. During the pregnancy the woman is also advised to rest and eat nutritiously in order to have a healthy pregnancy.
I think that American woman are encouraged to take time off to rest, recover and take care of the new baby, but there are not as many rules to follow. Really woman are encouraged to go back to daily routines while including baby in those routines and adjusting to baby. American fathers are encouraged to be a part of delivery, for example cutting the umbilical cord and remaining in the delivery room whenever possible for support. They are also encouraged to help take care of the baby and the mother after delivery.
As a professional in the early childhood field, I realize that it is important to learn about other cultures in order to understand child development from a broader perspective. We can't assume that all families that we work with share the same values, traditions and beliefs. By learning about other cultures we can understand families more clearly and learn about the reasons why people may do things a little differently than we do.
References:
Lim, L. (2011) For Chinese moms, birth means 30 days in pajamas. Retrieved from http://www.npr.org/2011/07/20/138536998/for-chinese-moms-birth-means-30-days-in-pajamas
New York University, (2006) Medical Chinese: Pregnancy and Child Birth. Retrieved from http://edinfo.med.nyu.edu/mc/culture/Pregnancy.html
While researching another culture, I found that Chinese woman traditionally are supposed to rest for 30 days after delivery of a baby to ensure balance and good health. This resting period is referred to as the "sitting month." According to the tradition, women are not allowed to bathe or eat cold foods and drinks. Typically an older female relative comes to help for the month, and the new mother is encouraged to do very little but rest. Another tradition is that the female relative helps with the delivery process, instead of the father. During the pregnancy the woman is also advised to rest and eat nutritiously in order to have a healthy pregnancy.
I think that American woman are encouraged to take time off to rest, recover and take care of the new baby, but there are not as many rules to follow. Really woman are encouraged to go back to daily routines while including baby in those routines and adjusting to baby. American fathers are encouraged to be a part of delivery, for example cutting the umbilical cord and remaining in the delivery room whenever possible for support. They are also encouraged to help take care of the baby and the mother after delivery.
As a professional in the early childhood field, I realize that it is important to learn about other cultures in order to understand child development from a broader perspective. We can't assume that all families that we work with share the same values, traditions and beliefs. By learning about other cultures we can understand families more clearly and learn about the reasons why people may do things a little differently than we do.
References:
Lim, L. (2011) For Chinese moms, birth means 30 days in pajamas. Retrieved from http://www.npr.org/2011/07/20/138536998/for-chinese-moms-birth-means-30-days-in-pajamas
New York University, (2006) Medical Chinese: Pregnancy and Child Birth. Retrieved from http://edinfo.med.nyu.edu/mc/culture/Pregnancy.html
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